You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Types of Sources and Where to Find Them: Primary Sources Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. sulla primary sources The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. onwards. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Sulla then duly besieged the city. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi Plutarch, writing much . [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. Website. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. Eight Ways to Teach With Primary Sources - Education Week The Late Republic - Clarkson Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . Primary and Secondary Sources: What's the Difference? "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. The collection currently contains . [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. They are often based on primary sources. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. A Timeline of the Wars of Marius and Sulla | History Hit [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Primary Resources - Primary Resources and Archives - Research Guides at According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. Primary Source Terms:. Hanover Historical Texts Collection - History Department Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence.