( a, Image of ( a ) a bright-field STEM and ( b ) a, MeSH CAS 7 Microbiol. As mentioned above, nitrification is a 2-step process performed by chemolithotrophs using a reduced or partially reduced form of nitrogen as an electron donor to obtain energy. Broda, E. 1977a. Microbiol. [1] These molecules can be organic ( chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic ( chemolithotrophs ). 108 287292, Krmer, M., Cypionka, H. 1989 Sulfate formation via ATP sulfurylase in thiosulfate-and sulfite-disproportionating bacteria Arch. Our results show the dominance of chemolithotrophic processes on the surface of biochar and MEB that can contribute to carbon sequestration in soil. chemolithotrophy, hydrogen oxidizers, hydrogenase, sulfur oxidizers, sulfite oxidase, nitrogen oxidizers, nitrification, iron oxidizers, chemolithoautotroph, reverse electron flow, chemolithoheterotroph, mixotroph, nitrogen fixation, diazotroph, nitrogenase, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organisms, Rhizobium, legume, free-living nitrogen-fixing organisms, Cyanobacteria, heterocyst, assimilation, ammonia assimilation, assimilative nitrate reduction, denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction, anammox, anaerobic ammonia oxidation, anammoxosome. PubMed 0000006866 00000 n
Chemolithotroph - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Kelly, D. P., Wood, A. P., Gottschal, J. C., Kuenen, J. G. 1979. M.D. Examples of these proteins include ironsulfur proteins, hemoglobin, and coordination complexes. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. The roles of exogenous organic matter in the physiology of chemolithotrophic bacteria. The acceptance of an electron by an oxygen atom creates water and sulfur. 15 3951, Brock, T. D., Schlegel, H. 1989 Introduction H. G. Schlegel and B. Bowien (ed.) 46 329337, London, J., Rittenberg, S. C. 1967 Thiobacillus perometabolis nov. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. How do free living nitrogen fixers and plant associated nitrogen fixers differ? Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. The site is secure. Google Scholar, Bak, F., Cypionka, H. 1987 A novel type of energy metabolism involving fermentation of inorganic sulfur compounds Nature 326 891892, Bak, F., Pfennig, N. 1987 Chemolithotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans sp. Stannous and cuprous ion oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. BERGEY'S MANUAL & IT'S CLASSIFICATION Presented By- Bidisha Mandal. Such beneficial outcomes could be partially mediated by soil bacteria, however little is known about how they directly interact with biochar or MEB. In: Reitner, J., Thiel, V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Geobiology. Specialist phototrophs, litho-trophs, and methylotrophs: A unity among a diversity of pro-caryotes? A., de Bruijn, P., Robertson, L. A., Jetten, M. S. M., Kuenen, J. G. 1997 Metabolic pathway of anaerobic ammonium oxidation on the basis of 15N studies in a fluidized bed reactor Microbiology (UK) 143 24152421, van Gool, A., Tobback, P. P., Fischer, I. Google Scholar, Badziong, W., Thauer, R. K., Zeikus, J. G. 1978 Isolation and characterization of Desulfovibrio growing on hydrogen plus sulfate as the sole energy source Arch. Ecol. 1989 Aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria H. G. Schlegel and B. Bowien (ed.) 0000084677 00000 n
Metabolic reconstructions of the three dominant bacteria (that is, Gama1, Oxal1 and Thio1) on biochar and mineral-enriched biochar particles. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 205:12281229. 167 218225, Schlegel, H. G. 1975 Mechanisms of chemoautotrophy O. Kinne (ed.) Pop. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Most life on Earth depends, either directly or indirectly, on sunlight and photosynthesis to generate organic carbon and cellular energy. Ihre Lebensprozesse spielen sich nach einem viel einfacheren Schema ab; durch einen rein anorganischen chemischen Prozess werden alle ihre Lebensbewegungen im Gange erhalten. Unable to display preview. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. CrossRef Ferric iron reduction by sulfur-and iron-oxidizing bacteria. 41 100180, Timmer-ten-Hoor, A. 166 181186, Davis, O. H., Doudoroff, M., Stanier, R. Y. 11 345385, Kelly, D. P. 1991 The chemolithotrophic prokaryotes A. Balows, H. G. Truper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder, and K.-H. Schleifer (ed.s) The prokaryotes, 2nd ed., Springer New York NY 331343, Kelly, D. P. 1999 Thermodynamic aspects of energy conservation by chemolithotrophic sulfur bacteria in relation to the sulfur oxidation pathways Arch. Broda, E. 1977b. Lithoautotroph - Wikipedia - 52.23.24.174. Theor. Evidence for the presence of phosphoriboisomerase and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase in extracts of Desulfovibrio vulgaris. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. R. L. Crawford and R. S. Hanson (ed.) Water as the source of oxidant and reductant in bacterial chemosynthesis. Aleem, M. I. H. 1975. Differences in microbial diversity and environmental factors in ploughing-treated tobacco soil. What are the different mechanisms of nitrogen metabolism? Rev. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Pfl. Growth kinetics of Thiobacillus denitrificans in anaerobic and aerobic chemostat culture. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. B. Bacterial leaching Verlag Chemie Weinheim. Chemolithotrophy Much of the chemical conversions are performed by microbes as part of their metabolism, performing a valuable service in the process for other organisms in providing them with an alternate chemical form of the element. van Verseveld, H. W., Stouthamer, A. H. 1978. Part of Springer Nature. An official website of the United States government. Biochar-induced negative carbon mineralization priming effects in a coastal wetland soil: Roles of soil aggregation and microbial modulation. 0000015112 00000 n
European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 5:291299. 33B 241261, Justin, P., Kelly, D. P. 1978 Growth kinetics of Thiobacillus denitrificans in anaerobic and aerobic chemostat culture J. Gen. Microbio. 1943 Biochemical problems of the chemoautotrophic bacteria Physiol. 1993 Pyrobaculum aerophilum sp. The term chemolithotrophy describes the energy metabolism of bacteria that can, in the absence of light, use the oxidation of inorganic substances as a source of energy for cell biosynthesis and maintenance (Rittenberg, 1969). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). sp., a non-autotrophic Thiobacillus Arch. Chemolithotrophs include organisms that exhibit extraordinary diversity in the range of substrates metabolized by different genera, in their modes of carbon nutrition, and in the variety of morphology and habitat. Sulfur Oxidizing The Calvin cycle is the most common CO2 fixation mechanism, and the reductive TCA cycle, acetyl-CoA pathway and 3-hydroxypropionate cycle are found in some chemolithotrophic prokaryotes. Aerobic refers to oxygen as it concerns an organism. Colorful Retro Vintage Illustration Animated Medical Technology Education Sci Diversity and Selection of Shell of the Hermit Crab of Mandvi, Kachchh Coast, A Pragmatic Approach for Solving the Sports Scheduling Problem-presentation.pdf, Simulations of Test Reduction Using Pooled Heavy Metals Analysis inCannabis, Easy-handling carbon nanotubes decorated poly(arylene ether nitrile).pdf, IMPORTANCE OF RAINFOREST PLANTS FOR THE SIEKOPAI PEOPLE OF THE AMAZON.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. The Chemolithotrophic Prokaryotes. Some of the electrons are used to generate a proton motive force reducing O2 while the remaining electrons reduce NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H through a reverse of the electron transport chain. Chemolithotrophy. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 17. Microbial growth on C1-compounds American Society for Microbiology Washington D. C. Kelly, D. P. 1985 Crossroads for archaebacteria Nature 313 734, Kelly, D. P. 1987 Sulphur bacteria first again Nature 326 830831, Kelly, D. P. 1988 Oxidation of sulphur compounds Soc. Some can use organic compounds as their carbon source while metabolizing an inorganic electron donor. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation), photosynthetic microorganisms (microbial metabolism), Chemoheterotrophs and photosynthetic microorganism, Basic Energy Yielding Mechanism of Chemoautotrophic & Photoautotrophic Bacteria, Energy from visible radiation-Cyanobacteria, Electron uptake by iron oxidizing phototrophic bacteria, Chemoautotrophsand photosynthetic eubacteria, FERMENTATIONS , PHOTOSYNTHESIS & NITROGEN FIXATION, B.Sc Micro II Microbial physiology Unit 1 Bacterial Photosynthesis, Biosorption Tool for enviromental cleaning by microorganisms, SBES College of Science, Aurangabad. 146 382389, Zavarzin, G. A. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Physiological Reviews 7:85106. A., Shively, J. M. 1989b Occurrence and regulation of Calvin cycle enzymes in non-autotrophic Beggiatoa strains Arch. 136 262269, Nelson, D. C., Revsbech, N. P., Jrgensen;, B. Alvarez, M., Barton, L. L. 1977. Tuovinen, O. H., Kelly, D. P. 1972. Bioleaching: metal solubilization by microorganisms Competitive interaction with keystone taxa induced negative priming under biochar amendments. Lett. 1971 Autotrophic growth and synthesis of reserve polymers in Nitrobacter winogradskyi Arch. nov., comprising a distinct lineage of the Archaea, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, Ferroglobus placidus gen. nov., sp. Peck, H. D. 1968. Journal of Bacteriology 93:874878. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Introduction to the Chemolithotrophic Bacteria | SpringerLink [6][7][8][9] Most animals and fungi are examples of chemoheterotrophs, as are halophiles. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. 0000008410 00000 n
In: Kinne, O. Environ. Microbiol. Baas Becking, L. G. M., Parks, G. S. 1927. PubMed Rev. Chemotrophs can be found in areas where electron donors are present in high concentration, for instance around hydrothermal vents. [2][3], The term "chemosynthesis", coined in 1897 by Wilhelm Pfeffer, originally was defined as the energy production by oxidation of inorganic substances in association with autotrophywhat would be named today as chemolithoautotrophy. Ammonia assimilation occurs when the ammonia (NH3)/ammonium ion (NH4+) formed during nitrogen fixation is incorporated into cellular nitrogen. If the energy source consists of large chemicals that are complex in structure, as is the case when the chemicals are derived from once-living organisms, then it is the chemoautotrophic bacteria that utilize the source. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Altmetric. Tap here to review the details. Winogradsky, S., 1888. 15 123134, Mechalas, B. J., Rittenberg, S. C. 1960 J. Bacteriol. and transmitted securely. Archives of Microbiology 117:209214. strain A2), pp. Microbiol. (February 22, 2023). Front Plant Sci. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Chemoautotrophs can use inorganic energy sources such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia or organic sources to produce energy. Natl. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Sci. Autotrophic bacteria Springer Berlin Science Tech Publishers Madison WI 331350, Moreira, D., Amils, R. 1997 Phylogeny of Thiobacillus cuprinus and other mixotrophic thiobacilli: proposal for Thiomonas gen. nov Int. The designation lithotrophic means "rock eating," further attesting to the ability of these bacteria to grow in seemingly inhospitable environments. 960. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation), Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications), microbial nutrition and nutritional requirements dr. ihsan alsaimary, Biol101 chp4-pp-fall10-101004180751-phpapp02, Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Bacteria, Abasaheb Garware College, Department of Zoology, Karve road. Lithoautotroph. 52 225233, Nelson, D. C., Wirsen, C. O., Jannasch, H. W. 1989a Characterization of large, autotrophic Beggiatoa spp. To save content items to your account, Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. J. Syst. Annual Review of Microbiology 22:489518. 1974. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Oxidation kinetics and chemo-stat growth kinetics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on tetrathio-nate and thiosulfate. CAS Bacteriol. Problems of the autotrophic microorganisms. Tech. University of London, London, England. One way of understanding the environment is to understand the way matter and energy flow through the natural world. 0000002347 00000 n
Some of the electron donors used by chemolithotrophs have a redox potential higher than that of NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H (Table 10.1). Most chemolithotrophs are autotrophs (chemolithoautotrophs), where they fix atmospheric carbon dioxide to assemble the organic compounds that they need. Lett. 338 400406, Kondratieva, E. N. 1989 Chemolithotrophy of phototrophic bacteria H. G. Schlegel and B. Bowien (ed.) Microbiol. Lett. Biol. 05 September 2012. The prokaryotes, 1st ed. Roy. London: Academic Press. Electrons from these electron donors are transferred to coenzyme Q or to cytochromes. 42 483492, Umbreit, W. W. 1947 Problems of autotrophy Bact. 147 184189, Barros, M. E. C., Rawlings, D. E., Woods, D. R. 1984 Mixotrophic growth of a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain Appl. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. 0000082031 00000 n
Bacterial energetics Academic Press San Diego. A., Denend, A. R. 1972 Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase from autotrophic microorganisms J. Bacteriol. 47 522528, Nelson, D. C., Hagen, D. C. 1996 Organic carbon utilization by obligately and facultatively autotrophic Beggiatoa strains in homogeneous and gradient cultures Appl. 1957 The origin of life on the Earth Oliver and Boyd Edinburgh. Microbiol. Aerobic and anaerobic reactions of inorganic substances, pp. Microbiol. 2023 Feb 17;20(4):3587. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043587. Bio. 1976 Ferric iron reduction by sulfur-and iron-oxidizing bacteria Appl. Colorless sulfur bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by accepting an electron from the compound. 2. Microbial Physiol. Google Scholar. 47 508516, Gde, H., Strohl, W. R., Larkin, J. M. 1981 Mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth of Beggiatoaalba in continuous culture Arch. Autotrophy and the origins of metabolism, Biodeterioration of natural stone with special reference to nitrifying bacteria, First evidence for existence of an uphill electron transfer through the bc1 and NADH-Q oxidoreductase complexes of the acidophilic obligate chemolithotrophic ferrous ion-oxidizing bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, A new rate law describing microbial respiration, Molecular biology and biochemistry of ammonia oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea, Molecular analysis of ammonia oxidation and denitrification in natural environments. Electrons from these electron donors are transferred to coenzyme Q or to cytochromes. Some of the non-sulfur purple bacteria are also able to grow in the dark on inorganic energy sources such as hydrogen gas and thiosulfate (van Niel, 1944 ). Badziong, W., Thauer, R. K., Zeikus, J. G. 1978. I. Leipzig: Engel-mann. Pune-4, Biochemistry: A Brief History of Biochemsitry, A Pragmatic Approach for Solving the Sports Scheduling Problem-presentation.pdf. 128 29272935, Stetter, K. O. 55 29092917, Nelson, D. C., Williams, C. A., Farah, B. Evol. Microbiol. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 0000013722 00000 n
114 113, Kelly, D. P. 1981 Introduction to the chemolithotrophic bacteria M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trper, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.) 1976 Energetic aspects of the metabolism of reduced sulphur compounds in Thiobacillus denitrificans Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Archives of Microbiology 108:287292. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Symp. 33 650651, Kawasumi, T., Igarashi, U., Kodama, T., Minoda, Y. Marine ecology, vol. government site. To save content items to your account, sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The reactions occur within the anammoxosome, a specialized cytoplasmic structure which constitutes 50-70% of the total cell volume. ber Schwefelbacterien. endstream
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Oparin, A. I. Chemolithotrophic bacteria with the ability to use inorganic sources were discovered by Winograsky, one of the modern microbiology pioneers, in late 1880 (1). Aleem, M. I. H., Hoch, G. E., Varner, J. E. 1965. Evaluation of continuous chemostat cultivation of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on ferrous iron or tetrathionate, pp. 2. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chemoautotrophic-and-chemolithotrophic-bacteria. Growth yields and the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation during autotrophic growth of Paracoccus denitrificans on methanol and formate. Microbiol. Eisenbakterien als Anorgoxydanten. A. Synge). Microbiol. nov Syst. [Their life processes are played out in a very simple fashion; all their life activities are driven by a purely inorganic chemical process.]. Appl. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. 15. Encyclopedia.com. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The .gov means its official. Kelly, D., and Wood, A. P., 2006. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 7 85106, CAS (eds) The Prokaryotes. Aromatic-turmerone ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis via modulating gut microbiota in mice. Springer-Verlag New York NY 2 in press, Khmelenina, V. N., Gayazov, R. R., Suzina, N. E., Doronina, V. A., Mshenshii, Y. N., Trotsenko, Y. Ihre Lebensprozesse spielen sich nach einem viel einfacheren Schema ab; durch einen rein anorganischen chemischen Prozesswerden alle ihre Lebensbewegungen im Gange erhalten. nov., and Acidianus brierleyi comb. CrossRef 129 221226, Beudeker, R. F., de Boer, W., Kuenen, J. G. 1981bHeterolactic fermentation of intracellular polyglucose by the obligate chemolithotroph Thiobacillus neapolitanus under anaerobic conditions FEMS Microbiol. J Environ Manage. The role of microorganisms in the weathering of minerals has long been recognized ().More recent interest in the role of Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) has been driven by the recognition that Fe(II)-bearing mineral phases, such as Fe(II)-silicates and pyrite, represent a potential wealth of energy to fuel chemolithotrophic metabolisms, both terrestrially and on other rocky planetary bodies . Nitrogen fixation is an essential process for Earths organisms, since nitrogen is a required component of various organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides. Plants, animals, and other organisms rely on bacteria and archaea to provide nitrogen in a fixed form, since no eukaryote is known that can fix nitrogen. Another type of chemoautotroph is the "iron" bacteria. Chemolithotrophy sulfur oxidation metabolism - SlideShare Autotrophy and the origins of metabolism Trends Biochem. nov., a novel hyperthermophilic archaeum that oxidizes Fe2 + at neutral pH under anoxic conditions, The chemolithotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Reasons why Leptospirillum-like species rather than Thiobacillus ferrooxidans are the dominant iron-oxidizing bacteria in many commercial processes for the biooxidation of pyrite and related ores, A new chemolithoautotrophic arsenite-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a gold mine: phylogenetic, physiological, and preliminary biochemical studies, Response of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to phosphate limitation, Enumeration and detection of anaerobic ferrous iron-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria from diverse European sediments, Anaerobic, nitrate-dependent microbial oxidation of ferrous iron, Molybdenum oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Molecular aspects of the electron transfer system which participates in the 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monoxide by facultatively chemolithotrophic vanadate-reducing bacteria, Whole-genome transcriptional analysis of chemolithoautotrophic thiosulfate oxidation by Thiobacillus denitrificans under aerobic versus denitrifying conditions, Carbon metabolism of filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria of the family Oscillochloridaceae, Organization of carboxysome genes in the thiobacilli, Retrobiosynthetic analysis of carbon fixation in the photosynthetic eubacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Modified pathway to synthesize ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate in methanogenic Archaea, Properties of succinyl-coenzyme A:D-citramalate coenzyme A transferase and its role in the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate cycle of Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Properties of succinyl-coenzyme A:L-malate coenzyme A transferase and its role in the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate cycle of Chloroflexus aurantiacus, The molecular regulation of the reductive pentose phosphate pathway in Proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, Deduced 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The litho is a word with a Greek root meaning stone, thus this group of bacteria is called stone eaters (2). Metal recovery from sulfide minerals is based on the activity of chemolithotrophic bacteria, mainly Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and T. thiooxidans, which convert insoluble metal sulfides into soluble metal sulfates.Non-sulfide ores and minerals can be treated by . A non-nitrogen compound would serve as the electron acceptor. 0000024652 00000 n
(. USA 95 68546859, Wood, A. P., Kelly, D. P. 1983 Autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of three thermoacidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria FEMS Microbiol. 1993 Hydrogenobacter acidophilus sp. Bioleaching is a simple and effective technology for metal extraction from low-grade ores and mineral concentrates. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The energy yield from the use of inorganic compounds is not nearly as great as the energy that can be obtained by other types of bacteria. Bacteriological Reviews 41:100180. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Microbiol. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Only the amount needed by the cell is reduced. 478503, Kelly, D. P., Smith, N. A. The process is performed by diazotrophs, a limited number of bacteria and archaea that can grow without an external source of fixed nitrogen, because of their abilities. A chemotroph is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. Microbiol. 57 121, Woese, C. R. 1987 Bacterial evolution Microbiol. But how much less than 32 molecules of ATP greatly depends upon the actual donor and acceptor being used. Enzymes of a reductive citric acid cycle in the autotrophic Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus Arch. Part of Springer Nature. Eccleston, M., Kelly, D. P. 1978. A novel type of facultative autotroph Arch. Li C, Zhang W, Wu X, Cai Q, Tan Z, Hong Z, Huang S, Yuan Y, Yao L, Zhang L. Inflammopharmacology. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. These organisms require both ATP and reducing power (i.e. 108 305312, Bock, E., Wilderer, P. A., Freitag, A. J. Syst. These organisms are also called mixotrophs, since they require both inorganic and organic chemical compounds for their growth and reproduction. Chemolithotrophy (Chapter 10) - Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism 3xY.uSSOpx 13 178181, Eisenmann, E., Beuerle, J., Sulger, K., Kroneck, P. M. H., Schumacher, W. 1995 Lithotrophic growth of Sulfospirillum deleyianum with sulfide as electron donor coupled to respiratory reduction of nitrate to ammonia Microbiol. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. 59 29182926, Wachtershauser, G. 1988 Before enzymes and templates: theory of surface metabolism Microbiol. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. 0000022625 00000 n
134 718727, Edwards, M. R. 1998 From a soup or a seed? 150 8588, Meyer, O. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115 10 209212, Fromageot, C., Senez, J. C. 1960 Aerobic and anaerobic reactions of inorganic substances M. Florkin and H. S. Mason (ed.)