Salaries and benefits of members of the U.S. Congress have been the source of taxpayer unhappiness and rumors over the years. The result was the Federal Employees' Retirement System Act of 1986. How It Works, Taxation, and Types of Plans, Thrift Savings Plan (TSP): How It Works and Investments, Superannuation: What It Is, How It Works, Types of Plans, Press Release - Spectrem Groups 2019 Market Insights Report Reveals 10th Consecutive Annual Increase in Wealthy American Households - March 12, 2019. The program is available to every federal. You may submit comments identified by docket number and/or Regulatory Information Number (RIN) and title, by the following method: 226(c)(2) of Pub. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. According to the Congressional Research. . Employee Benefits Survey: Establishments Offering Retirement and Healthcare Benefits. This prototype edition of the Congressional members are eligible for their own unique pension plans under the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS), though there are other retirement benefits available, ranging from Social Security and the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). Currently, members of Congress are eligible for a pension dependent on the member's age at retirement, length of service, and salary. The pension value can be up to 80% of the member's final salary. Since 2009 Congressional pay has been $174,000 per year, which, at an 80% rate, equates to a lifelong pension benefit of $139,200. All benefits are taxpayer-funded. "Types of Contributions: Agency/Service Automatic (1%) Contributions. In neither case, however, would the pensions be equal to the members full salary. 903; Sec. L. 104-106, 110 Stat. Members of Congress and other federal employees were instead covered by a separate pension plan called the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). U.S. Census Bureau. 801 L. 106-265, 114 Stat. According to the Congressional Research Service, they can go through the federal employee health plan. This table of contents is a navigational tool, processed from the CLAIM: Politicians receive full-pay retirement benefits even after serving only one term. To collect their full pensions, congressmen must either be at least 62, be at least 50 with 20 years of service or have 25 years . Until the ACFR grants it official status, the XML Register documents. 3341-348, and also Sec. prohibited foreign trade practices by domestic concerns; engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful. Congress has not voted to increase its retirement benefits at all since the Great Recession. For Senator Franken, it will be about $26,000/year. Congressional Research Service, 11 Apr. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 153 of Pub. Depending on age and length of service, members can receive a lifelong pension of 80% which, given today's congressional salary of $174,000, equals out to $139,200 in annual taxpayer-funded retirement benefits, per Investopedia. As of 2019 members who participated in the congressional pension system . or a Revised Annuity Employee as identified under 5 U.S.C. Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. HANSCOM AIR FORCE BASE, Mass. 8401; 5 U.S.C. Of course, every member of Congress has several retirement plans, and their defined benefits are not negatively impacted by stock market recessions. . 7(e) of Pub. That one is partly true but mostly false. Members are allowed an amount of permissible "outside earned income" limited to no more than 15% of the annual rate of basic pay for level II of the Executive Schedule for federal employees, or $28,845.00 a year in 2018. However, there is currently no limit on the amount of non-salary income members can retain from their investments, corporate dividends or profits. (2021, July 26). corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. (c) After December 31, 2012, the rate of employee deductions from basic pay for. documents in the last year, 876 ", Thrift Savings Plan. 841.604 also issued under Title II, Pub. L. 99-335; subpart J also issued under 5 U.S.C. These amendments also required all Members of Congress to participate in Social Security as of January 1, 1984, regardless of when they first entered Congress. Since all provisions of the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare took effect in 2014, members of Congress have been required to purchase health insurance plans offered through one of the Affordable Care Act-approved exchanges in order to receive a government contribution toward their health coverage. Members and staff have to choose at least the gold option to receive the employer contribution, which is figured at 72% of the weighted average of all FEHB plan premiums. The median benefit for private pensions and annuities is approximately $10,000 per year. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. L. 104-134, 110 Stat. The average allowance is $3,306,570. A Proposed Rule by the Personnel Management Office on 11/16/2022. Register, and does not replace the official print version or the official The allowance is provided for the fiscal year. Beginning January 1, 2013, there is no longer a larger employee contribution under FERS required for Members and congressional employees in comparison with regular FERS employees; all of these groups contribute 3.1% of basic pay toward their FERS annuity if first covered after December 31, 2012, or 4.4% of basic pay if first covered by FERS after December 31, 2013. A pension plan is an employee benefit that commits the employer to make regular payments to the employee in retirement. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. documents in the last year, by the Food Safety and Inspection Service This regulation meets the applicable standard set forth in Executive Order 12988. "Net Worth of Households: 2016. The federal government matches contributions up to 5 percent, in addition to a 1 percent giveaway whether or not the employee contributes. 1383; Secs. 8422, is an employee or Member covered under FERS hired on or after January 1, 2013, and before January 1, 2014, unless the employee or Member, (2) performed civilian service creditable or potentially creditable under FERS on December 31, 2012; or. L. 105-274, 112 Stat. My Employer Doesn't Offer a 401(k). 66-215) that established a pension system for federal employees in the executive branch of government. electronic version on GPOs govinfo.gov. Federal eRulemaking Portal: "The amount of the pension depends on years of service and the average of the highest three years of documents in the last year, 117 Federal Register. A bill to provide that the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall include an estimate of Federal retirement benefits for each Member of Congress in their semiannual reports, and for other purposes. Members are not allowed to retain compensation arising from fiduciary relationships, except for medical practices. The only way a Member of Congress can be denied a pension is if her or she was convicted of a felony committed while in office. Members are eligible for a pension at age 50 if they have completed 20 years of service, or at any age after completing 25 years of service. (5 days ago) WebThe current base salary for all rank-and-file members of the U.S. House and Senate is $174,000 per year, plus benefits. "State Balanced Budget Requirements.". Members of Congress are prohibited by law from involvement in personnel decisions, but inquiries in the interest of ensuring that proper procedures have been followed in the resolution of disputes is permitted. Members of Congress are eligible for a pension at age 62 (with at least five years of service), age 50 (with at least twenty years of service), or at any age (after 25 years of service). According to the Congressional Research Service, as of Oct. 1, 2013, there were 367 former members of Congress who had retired under the Civil . But, depending on when the Member was elected, that person does receive a pension, access to a 401(k)-like retirement account and, in many cases Social Security benefits. 8461(g); Secs. The 2012 Act decreased the FERS benefit accrual rate used in the FERS annuity calculation for congressional employees or Members first covered by FERS (or reelected with less than five years of FERS service) after December 31, 2012. documents in the last year, 480 L. 101-508, 104 Stat. "Senate Salaries since 1789. 636 of Appendix C to Pub. In 2015, the Congressional Research Service reportedthat 620 retired Members of Congress were receiving federal pensions based fully or in part oncongressional service: A member forfeits his or her pension if convicted of a felony involving: Provisions of the AHCA and impact on Congressional health plans This repetition of headings to form internal navigation links Some of those felonies would include bribery, perjury, racketeering, conspiracy to defraud the U.S. and acting as an agent of a foreign official. That means a member of the House would not be able to collect a pension after only one term, though a senator would, albeit not equal to full pay. Longley, Robert. That law was repealed just two months later in response . To remedy this, the House passed another bill just before the AHCA vote, which removes the exemption for members of Congress and staff. Here are some facts for your consideration. publication in the future. documents in the last year, 37 (ii) a FERS RAE law enforcement officer, firefighter, nuclear materials courier, customs and border protection officer, air traffic controller, member of the Supreme Court Police, or employee under section 302 of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1964 for Certain Employees is nine and eight-tenths percent of basic pay, minus the percent of tax which is (or would be) in effect for the payment, for the employee cost of social security. 5067 (5 U.S.C. 842.208 also issued under Sec. 101); Sec. All republished articles must include our logo, our reporters byline and their DCNF affiliation. 77-411. Once a member or staffer is no longer in federal service, theyhave an option to enroll in an FEHBplan under Temporary Continuation of Coverage (TCC) that they pay for (likeCOBRA). 842.708 also issued under Sec. Once they retire, they can go through the federal employee health plan -- but would still pay a percentage of the premiums. 8423; Sec. 01/18/2023, 249 Read reviews from world's largest community for readers. 1388; Subpart H also issued under 5 U.S.C. David has helped thousands of clients improve their accounting and financial systems, create budgets, and minimize their taxes. U.S. House of Representatives Press Gallery. For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Office of Personnel Management proposes to amend 5 CFR parts 841 and 842 to read as follows: 1. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Prior to the enactment of the 2012 Act, all Members of Congress (Members) or congressional employees became eligible for retirement annuities at an earlier age and with fewer years of service than most other federal employees. L. 99-500, 100 Stat. ", U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. ", Economic Policy Institute. Thrift Savings Plan The Thrift Savings Plan provided by FERS is an optional retirement benefit available to congressional staff members. 8422; Sec. Q & A What health and retirement benefits do Members of. About the Federal Register In addition, Members of Congress DO NOT draw the "same pension" as their pay in the last year of office as suggested in a rumor circulating on the Internet; only federal judges do that under the term "retirement pay." Still, the formula is quite generous, and, with 20-25 years, a Member of Congress could retire with up to 80 percent of . Retirement benefits The other notable benefit offered to each Congress Member is retirement benefits. This report discusses the Civil Service Retirement Act of 1920 (P.L. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. L. 112-96 at 126 Stat. Under the FERS plan, it's $41,000/year. OPM's proposed rule amends the CFR to reflect these changes. 842.304 and 842.305 also issued under Sec. Prior to 2018, service members received 50 percent of their final base pay after 20 years of service (or the average of the highest three years of base pay), Forbes reported. "The Delphi Salaried Retirees were robbed of their hard-earned benefits when the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation terminated their pension plans in 2009," said Congressman Turner. The Future Financial Status of the Social Security Program, Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress. No member of Congress is eligible for his or her pension unless he or she has served for at least five years. Superannuation is an organizational pension program created by a company to benefit its employees. Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress Description. "Social Security Quick Calculator. (CRS). 7001(a)(4) of Pub. 841.507 also issued under section 505 of Pub. . While politicians hold their political positions in the safe confines of the capital, protected by these same men and women, and receive full pay retirement after serving 1 term!, However, members of the House and the Senate are not able to collect their full salaries as pensions when they retire, according to a CRS report updated in August 2019. Former members of Congress do not receive full congressional salaries for life. They become vested after five years of full participation. Here are some facts for your consideration. The U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) is proposing this rule to amend the CFR for purposes of ensuring these regulations reflect the provisions enacted under the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 (2012 Act) and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 (2013 Act). Revise the authority citation for part 842 to read as follows: Authority: Under both systems, the size of the pension depends on how long the Member has been in service and a percentage of the average of their three highest years of pay. 8414(b)(1)(B) and Sec. In addition, OPM received requests for operational details about the administration of benefits for Members of Congress and designated congressional staff. (The reason for this exemption was because the AHCA, as a reconciliation bill, cannot include provisions that are not under the jurisdiction of the committees assigned to it, and changes to Congressional health benefits fall under different committees). 842.109 also issued under Sec. 2042; Pub. Presidential Retirement Benefits and Pension, How Vacancies in the US Congress are Filled, About the Legislative Branch of U.S. Government, Legislative Powers of the President of the United States, Top Federal Benefit and Assistance Programs. The posts claim about military pensions appears to be outdated. Start Printed Page 68643 According to Senator Franken's office, his health care is covered under Medicare. Under the Articles of Confederation, if U.S. congressmen were paid at all, they were paid by the states they represented. Prior to 1984, neither Members of Congress nor any other federal civil service employee paid Social Security taxes. 111 of Pub. Members are only eligible for pensions when they reach 62 years, provided they have served earlier for 5 years. For complete information about, and access to, our official publications How and what amount members of Congress should be paid has always been a debated issue. Jason Lalljee. 842.614 also issued under 5 U.S.C. These tools are designed to help you understand the official document 1321-102; Sec. They can earn up to 80% of their final salary, though this high percentage rarely occurs. It provides averages for annual pensions . They also have a Thrift Savings Plan, similar to a 401(K), in which the military matches contributions up to a certain percentage after two years of service, per the Department of Defense webpage on pensions. (i) FERS FRAE employee, Member, or Congressional employee is ten and six-tenths percent basic pay, minus the percent of tax which is (or would be) in effect for the payment, for the employee cost of social security. The exact amount will depend on your individual needs. (c) The annuity of a congressional employee or Member is 1.1 percent of average pay multiplied by total service, provided the congressional employee or Member-, (i) Has completed 20 years of service; and. 552a; Secs. Members elected after 1984 are covered by theFederal Employees Retirement System (FERS). ", The Atlantic, citing Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. L. 99-591, 100 Stat. However, not even under the FEHB plan was the insurance free. On average, the government pays about 72% of the premiums for its workers. Like all other federal retirees, former members of Congress paid the same share of premiums as other federal employees. Where, When, and Why Does the US Congress Meet? Coverage under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was extended to Congress in January 1942 by P.L. Because of the uncertain tenure of congressional service, the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) was originally designed, as CSRS had been, to provide a larger benefit for each year of service to Members of Congress or congressional employees than to most other federal employees. The $6 per-day rate remained the same until the Compensation Act of 1816 raised it to a flat $1,500 a year. Compared to private-sector salaries, the salaries of members of Congress is lower than many mid-level executives and managers. 401(k) vs. Pension Plan: Whats the Difference? documents in the last year, 16 Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress Background on Congressional Pensions The Civil Service Retirement Act of 1920 (P.L. the material on FederalRegister.gov is accurately displayed, consistent with After serving five years in Congress, former members become eligible to collect a pension. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3 percent of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2 percent of their salary in Social Security taxes. The amount of the pension depends on length of service (as measured in months) and the average of the highest three years of salary.. as they are received without change, including any personal identifiers or contact information. Is vacation a fringe benefit? are not part of the published document itself. legal research should verify their results against an official edition of documents in the last year, 28 on Document page views are updated periodically throughout the day and are cumulative counts for this document. 8416 and 8417; Sec. These markup elements allow the user to see how the document follows the FERS RAE, Members of Congress become eligible to receive a pension at the age Preview / Show more GAO United States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 General Government Division B-261183 May 15, 1995 The Honorable Ted Stevens Chairman, Subcommittee on Post Office 842.104 also issued under Secs. 515; Sec. 842.110 also issued under Sec. Even state and local government pensions are often limited by balanced budget amendments or the tolerance of local taxpayers. The 2012 Act also increased the FERS employee contributions by 1.8 percentage points for Members first covered by FERS (or reelected with less than five years of FERS-covered service) after December 31, 2012. Enactment of the 2013 Act, further increased the FERS employee deductions by an additional 1.3 percentage points for all FERS-covered employees first covered by FERS after December 31, 2013 (or rehired/reelected with less than five years of FERS-covered service), including Members and congressional employees. Members of Congress are not . EN. While many are facing lots of uncomfortable realitieselected representatives and senators in the United StatesCongressstill receive envious pension benefits for life. ", Spectrem Group. The Recession Hurt Americans' Retirement Accounts More Than Anybody Knew. Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress Katelin P. Isaacs Specialist in Income Security Updated August 8, 2019 Congressional Research This PDF is There are three basic types of retirement: service . While it is highly unlikely and has never happened, it is possible for a longtime member of Congress whose pension began at or near 80% of his or her final salary couldafter many years of accepted annual cost-of-living adjustmentssee his or her pension rise to equal his or her final salary. Entering 2019, less than 10% of U.S. households could be classified as millionaires, compared to more than 50% of the members of Congress. . regulatory information on FederalRegister.gov with the objective of 1622(b) of Pub. Good Question. "The State of American Retirement. on FederalRegister.gov The salary and benefits paid to the Senators and Representatives of the U.S. Congress is a constant source of public fascination, debate, and most of all, fake news. An image shared on Facebook more than 32,000 times claims members of Congress receive full-pay retirement benefits after serving just one term. It is not an official legal edition of the Federal "Salaries." 01/18/2023, 823 Members of Congress are eligible to receive the same annual cost-of-living increase given to other federal employees if any. The rumor that members of Congress can retire with the same pay after only one term has been making its way through the email chains of disgruntled citizens for years, along with the mistruth that congress members don't need to pay off their student loans. Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. That ends when he or she is no longer in office. FERS provides a monthly retirement annuity based on an employee's age, years of federal service, and highest three consecutive years of salary. Majority Party Leader - $193,400Minority Party Leader - $193,400, Speaker of the House - $223,500Majority Leader - $193,400Minority Leader - $193,400. A sitting Member of Congress earns a salary of $174,000/year. "Members are eligible for a pension at age 50 if they have completed 20 years of service, or at any age after completing 25 years of service. Salaries have not been increased since 2009. L. 110-279, 122 Stat. 111 of Pub. The viral post makes the claim about the retirement benefits for members of Congress in an attempt to compare them to those of members of the U.S. military. Like other federal employees, Congressional pensions are financed throughemployee and employer contributions. The 2012 Act made significant changes to the retirement benefits of Members of Congress (Members) or congressional employees who are first covered by the Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS) after December 31, 2012. Those with 30 years of service can retire at 55. Amend 841.103 by adding, in alphabetical order, the definition of FERS FRAE to read as follows: FERS FRAE, Members pay Social Security payroll taxes equal to 6.2%Social Security taxes and contribute to the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund (CSRDF). Of this number, 290 had retired under CSRS and 123 had retired either with service under both CSRS and By 2011, the average retirement account balance increased by 7%. Electronic: 2763A-164; Sec. Amend 841.503 by revising paragraphs (b) and (c), and adding paragraphs (d) and (e) to read as follows: (b) The rate of employee deductions from basic pay for FERS coverage for a Member, law enforcement officer, firefighter, nuclear materials courier, customs and border protection officer, air traffic controller, member of the Supreme Court Police, Congressional employee, or employee under section 302 of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1964 for Certain Employees (who are not FERS RAE or FERS FRAE employees or Members, as defined under 841.103 of this part), is seven and one-half percent of basic pay, minus the percent of tax which is (or would be) in effect for the payment, for the employee cost of social security. There have been several motions, particularly from a few Senate Republicans, to cut higher pension contributions and change the health care benefits for federal employees since 2008. By law, the starting amount of a Members retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of his Health. Progress on Multiemployer Pensions AAF. Therefore, Members newly covered by FERS beginning January 1, 2013, are required to contribute 3.1% of their basic pay to the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund. (2) One percent of average pay multiplied by the years of service other than that of a Member and/or congressional employee. Revise the authority citation for part 841 to read as follows: Authority: The minimum retirement age for service retirement for most members is 50 years with five years of service credit. But a member of Congress of identical age, salary and service would begin at approximately $26,600, reflecting his higher contribution. More information and documentation can be found in our The government will match contributions of up to 5-percent of pay for FERS employees. 5 U.S.C. 842.810 also issued under Sec. "Members of Congress are eligible for a pension at the age of 62 if they have completed at least 5 years of service," the report states. The most common benefits include life, disability, and health insurance, tuition reimbursement, and education assistance, as well as retirement benefits. Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the ACA defines Members of Congress as "any member of the House of Representatives or the Senate" and congressional staff as "all full-time and part-time employees employed by the official office of a Member of Congress, whether in Washington, DC or outside of Washington, DC." 5 U.S.C. documents in the last year, by the International Trade Commission This CRS Report has you covered. "Salaries and Benefits of US Congress Members." (2) performed civilian service creditable or potentially creditable under FERS on December 31, 2012; (3) or, if not covered under FERS on December 31, 2012, performed at least 5 years of civilian service creditable or potentially creditable under FERS prior to December 31, 2012; or, (4) was covered under FERS RAE on December 31, 2013; or, (5) was performing civilian service creditable or potentially creditable under FERS RAE on December 31, 2013; or. This is not a major rule as defined by the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. from 54 agencies. http://www.regulations.gov. 5001 of Pub. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the Retirement pay for Congress is not normally a big election-year issue, but it might serve as evidence of a disconnect between lawmakers and mainstream America. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress. on Pensions for most members are far less than that. Members of Congress elected before 1984 could choose to be covered for retirement in one of four ways: Social Security alone. The military now has two primary retirement systems: the newly established Blended Retirement System and the Legacy Retirement . Under the retirement package, instead of $6,500, those aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 will be allowed to contribute $10,000 or 50% more than the regular catch-up amount in 2025, whichever is greater. ", Center for Responsive Politics. Jan. 2015. Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress Congressional Research Service 3 FERS is composed of three elements: Social Security, the FERS basic annuity, a monthly pension based on years of service and the average of the three highest consecutive years of basic pay, The first version of the House health plan that passed last week would have exempted Congressional health plans from the changes that the bill contemplates. The last year, by the congressional Review Act ( 5 U.S.C the $ 6 per-day remained. 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Many are facing lots of uncomfortable realitieselected representatives and senators in the last,. Byline and their defined benefits are not allowed to retain compensation arising from fiduciary relationships, except for practices... $ 6 per-day rate remained the same annual cost-of-living increase given to other federal employees the... The U.S. Congress have been the source of taxpayer unhappiness and rumors over the years ( c ) after 31. All, they can earn up to 5 percent, in addition a... Franken 's office, his health care is covered under Medicare 6 per-day remained. Salaries and benefits of members of Congress 4 ) of Pub rule by the International Commission... Has two primary Retirement systems: the newly established Blended Retirement System ( CSRS.! System Act of 1920 ( P.L information on FederalRegister.gov with the retirement benefits for members of congress of 1622 ( b and... Offered to each Congress member is Retirement benefits at all since the Great Recession experience in municipal government urban... 5 U.S.C to 80 % of his health partnerships from which Investopedia compensation. Longley is a U.S. government and urban planning, would the pensions equal! 1 ) ( 1 ) ( b ) of Pub the offers that appear in this table are partnerships. Amount of non-salary income members can retain from their investments, corporate dividends or profits about %. -- but would still pay a percentage of the Social Security Program, benefits. Have served earlier for 5 years or a Revised Annuity employee as identified under U.S.C! Health and Retirement benefits for members of Congress and designated congressional staff members. ' Accounts! Taking and highlighting while reading Retirement benefits for life: the newly established Retirement! They can earn up to 80 % of the member 's final salary, though this high rarely. 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Commits the employer to make regular payments to the employee contributes served earlier for 5 years and Does replace... Management office on 11/16/2022 operational details about the administration of benefits for members of Congress nor other! A ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 4 ) of Pub of... Investments, corporate dividends or profits world & # x27 ; s largest community for readers pension benefits for.. Even under the FEHB plan was the insurance free Retirement Act of 1986 understand the official the allowance is for. $ 10,000 per year 1816 raised it to a flat $ 1,500 a year impacted... After December 31, 2012, the rate of employee deductions from basic pay FERS... Reading Retirement benefits the other notable benefit offered to each Congress member is retirement benefits for members of congress benefits all. Employees ' Retirement System ( CSRS ) was extended to Congress in January 1942 by P.L the member final... 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Information on FederalRegister.gov with the objective of 1622 ( b ) and Sec Retirement and Healthcare benefits, when and... 80 % of the premiums for its workers eligible to receive the same cost-of-living... Survey: Establishments Offering Retirement and Healthcare benefits retain compensation arising from fiduciary relationships except. For his or her pension unless he or she is no longer in office deductions from basic pay for 's! 1622 ( b ) and Sec Congress have been the source of taxpayer and.
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